A company based in Hungary was responsible for manufacturing the pagers that exploded in Lebanon and Syria in an apparent Israeli operation targeting Hezbollah’s communications network, another firm whose brand was used on the devices has said.

Pagers used by militant group Hezbollah exploded near-simultaneously on Tuesday in Lebanon and Syria, killing at least 12 people, including two children, and wounding nearly 3,000.

Hezbollah and the Lebanese government blamed Israel for what appeared to be a sophisticated remote attack.

An American official said Israel briefed the United States on Tuesday after the conclusion of the operation, in which small amounts of explosive concealed in the pagers were detonated.

Hezbollah and Israeli forces have exchanged fire nearly daily since October 8, the day after a deadly Hamas-led attack in southern Israel triggered a massive Israeli counter-offensive and the ongoing war in Gaza.

Since then, hundreds have been killed in the strikes in Lebanon and dozens in Israel, while tens of thousands on each side of the border have been displaced.

Tuesday’s attack – and the fact that Hezbollah blamed Israel – renewed fears of an all-out war between the two foes.

Despite periodic cycles of escalation, the two have carefully avoided that so far, but Israeli leaders have issued a series of warnings in recent weeks that they might escalate operations against Hezbollah in Lebanon.

Israel began moving more troops to its border with Lebanon on Wednesday as a precautionary measure, according to one official.

The AR-924 pagers used in the attack were manufactured by BAC Consulting KFT, based in the Hungarian capital of Budapest, according to a statement released by Gold Apollo, a Taiwanese firm that authorised the use of its brand on the pagers.

BAC appeared to be a shell company.

Hsu Ching-kuang, chairman of Apollo Gold, points to a picture as he talks about the company’s products
Hsu Ching-kuang, chairman of Apollo Gold, talks about the company’s products (Johnson Lai/AP)

“According to the co-operation agreement, we authorise BAC to use our brand trademark for product sales in designated regions, but the design and manufacturing of the products are solely the responsibility of BAC,” Gold Apollo said in a statement.

The company’s chairman, Hsu Ching-kuang, told journalists on Wednesday that the firm has had a licensing agreement with BAC for the past three years.

BAC Consulting Kft, a limited liability company, was registered in May 2022, according to company records.

At the headquarters in a building in a residential neighbourhood of Budapest, Associated Press journalists saw the names of multiple companies, including BAC Consulting, posted on pieces of paper on a window.

A woman who emerged from the building and declined to give her name, said the site provides headquarter addresses to various companies.

BAC is registered to Cristiana Rosaria Barsony-Arcidiacono, who on her LinkedIn page describes herself as a strategic adviser and business developer.

A police officer inspects a car in which a hand-held pager exploded
A police officer inspects a car in which a hand-held pager exploded, in Beirut, Lebanon (Hussein Malla/AP)

Among other positions, Ms Barsony-Arcidiacono says on the page that she has served on the board of directors of the Earth Child Institute, a sustainability group. The group does not list Ms Barsony-Arcidiacono as among its board members on its website.

The AP has attempted to reach Ms Barsony-Arcidiacono via her LinkedIn page and has been unable to establish a connection between her or BAC and the exploding pagers.

The attack in Lebanon started on Tuesday afternoon, when pagers in their owners’ hands or pockets started heating up and then exploding – leaving blood-splattered scenes and panicking bystanders.

It appeared that most of those hit were members or linked to members of Hezbollah – whether fighters or civilians – but it was not immediately clear if people with no ties to Hezbollah were also hit.

The health ministry said healthcare workers and two children were among those killed. In the village of Nadi Sheet in the Bekaa Valley, dozens gathered to mourn the death of one of the children, nine-year-old Fatima Abdullah.

Her mother, wearing black and donning a yellow Hezbollah scarf, wept alongside other women and children as they gathered around the little girl’s coffin before her burial.

Hezbollah said in a statement on Wednesday morning that it would continue its normal strikes against Israel as part of what it describes as a support front for its ally, Hamas, and Palestinians in Gaza.

A sign featuring the names of several companies on the door of a house where a Hungarian company that allegedly manufactured pagers that exploded in Lebanon is headquartered in Budapest
A sign featuring the names of several companies on the door of a house where a Hungarian company that allegedly manufactured pagers that exploded in Lebanon is headquartered in Budapest (Denes Erdos/AP)

“This path is continuous and separate from the difficult reckoning that the criminal enemy must await for its massacre on Tuesday,” it said. “This is another reckoning that will come, God willing.”

At hospitals in Beirut on Wednesday, the chaos of the night before had largely subsided, but relatives of the wounded continued to wait.

Lebanon health minister Firas Abiad told journalists during a tour of hospitals on Wednesday morning that many of the wounded had severe injuries to the eyes, and others had limbs amputated. Journalists were not allowed to enter hospital rooms or film patients.

Mr Abiad said that the wounded had been sent to various hospitals to avoid any single facility being overloaded and added that Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and Egypt offered to help treat the patients.

Earlier on Wednesday, an Iraqi military plane landed in Beirut carrying medicine and medical equipment, he said.

Experts believe explosive material was put into the pagers prior to their delivery.

The AR-924 pager, advertised as being “rugged”, contains a rechargeable lithium battery, according to specifications advertised on Gold Apollo’s website before they were removed after the attack.

Police officers inspect a car inside of which a hand-held pager exploded
Police officers inspect a car inside which a hand-held pager exploded (Hussein Malla/AP)

It claimed to have up to 85 days of battery life. That would be crucial in Lebanon, where electricity outages have been common after years of economic collapse.

Pagers also run on a different wireless network than mobile phones, making them more resilient in emergencies – one of the reasons why many hospitals worldwide still rely on them.

For Hezbollah, the pagers also provided a means to sidestep what is believed to be intensive Israeli electronic surveillance on mobile phone networks in Lebanon.

“The phone that we have in our hands – I do not have a phone in my hand – is a listening device,” warned Hezbollah chief Hassan Nasrallah in a speech in February.

Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs said from the beginning of 2022 until August 2024, Gold Apollo has exported 260,000 sets of pagers, including more than 40,000 sets between January and August of this year. The ministry said that it had no records of direct exports of Gold Apollo pagers to Lebanon.